Issues

Abstract

The papers deals with problems related to the ornitofauna of the large city and particularly the birds inhabiting inter-block spaces (IBS), mostly in the new urban complexes (NUC), and the problems of the environment there. No such studies have been performed so far in Builgaria, even though the problem was partially addressed by some authors.

The number of recorded and nesting species in the IBS is generally not high, but this fact masks the problems consisting not in the total number of the nesting bird species in NUC and IBS, but in the very small number of the nesting pairs in particular IBS in a given year(excluding the species nesting on the buildings). A more serious problem is the very low repeatability of nesting of some species in the same IBS, including species indicatory for the quality of the environment.

The current status of nesting in the IBS is a consequence of the methods applied traditionally for establishment and maintaining the environment there (introduction and maintaining of arboreal plants) and the lacking of adequate approach in this respect.

Abstract

The development and the applications of different thematic maps and special editions of atlases devoted on the ecology, preservation and restoration of the environment elaborated in Bulgaria and in all over the world have been elucidated. The possibilities for creation of so-called 'dynamical atlas' or GIS atlas on topic Environment of Bulgaria have been discussed. For this purpose it is possible to be used the thematic maps. The performed by the author methodic experiment with participation of the students on Ecology on the reading and analyzing of maps of the Bulgaria's environment has been elucidated. 

Abstract

As one of the prime natural sciences Physics lies in the heart of scientific knowledge and constitutes a major element of the culture of the new post-industrial man. Physics undeniably plays a role in the comprehension and rationalization of the ecological problems and way towards their elimination.

In the course Physics with Biophysiscs for ecologist an attempt is made not only at conveying the necessity for certain degree of knowledge in the physic properties of matter in its different forms, as substance and field, but also at constructing a comprehensive picture of the natural processes and phenomena as parts of a single organism through an entirely new method of structuring the lectures. The relationships between this course and other fundamental and specialized courses are also highlighted.  

Abstract

The report enters the problems, concerning thermo-electric power-station waste. Chemical compositions content is specified and compared to that of a Romanian thermo-electric power-station waste. Ecological problems, referring to the scrap-yards, are taken into consideration. The report deals with the ash feasibility in road and subterranean building.

Abstract

The different industrial sectors generate about 860 000 t of dangerous wastes yearly, which because of the lack of specialized landfills and installations for their treatment are kept in the relevant enterprises in specialized places or stores. Despite that in medium-term and long-term aspect it could be predicted a decrease in both quantities of dangerous wastes generated and content of dangerous substances in the wastes, a particular attention must be paid to the following wastes: mercury lamps, luminescent lamps, old-stock and expired vegetable protection preparations, transformers and condensers containing spent oils polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls. The building of a complex of installations for dry (thermal) and wet (hydro technological) treatment of the dangerous wastes at national level is a public responsibility - a care for the humans' health, environment and the sustainable development of the country.

Abstract

The wastes from the hospital institutions and the wastes generated from the significant number private clinics, dental surgeries, consulting rooms and the other structures of the health services and veterinary medicine should be classified as dangerous wastes because they are a very serious threat for the human's health and the environment. The SWOT analysis of the installations for incineration of hospital wastes (Multi-profile Hospital for Active Medical Treatment Alexandrovska and Military Medical Academy), the microwave installations (Multi-profile Hospital for Active Medical Treatment and Emergency Medicine N.I. Pirogov) and the treatment installations using vapour (Multi-profile Hospital for Active Medical Treatment Tsaritsa Joana) shows that the humans' health and environmental care requires in each regional centre to be built at least one installation for thermal treatment of the wastes deriving from the human and veterinary medicine. 

Abstract

One of the main pollutants in the waste waters from the paper production and recycling are the suspended solids. Experiments with the waste waters from the paper-mill Kostenets - HHI AD are done. The result from the use of different flocculants is compared. It is compared the effect from the flocculants from the ORGANOPOL 1583 and POLIFLOC 4352 series. The possibilities and conditions for achieving of the ecological standards for purification of waste waters from the pulp and paper industry using flocculants from the ORGANOPOL series. 

Abstract

The utilization and treatment of the industrial wastes requires their characterization regarding their structural-mechanical, physical-chemical and toxicological properties.

The complete characterization enables the choice of the most appropriate methods for thermal or hydro-technological utilization of the wastes and the further landfilling of the utilization process residues.

Abstract

The present paper gives the main opportunities for utilization and treatment of the mixed collected Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): separation and utilization of the recyclable MSW; separation and landfilling or utilization of the inert MSW, treatment for obtaining fuel, incineration, obtaining a non-standard compost or landfilling of the remaining wastes; composting of the separately collected biodegradable wastes.

Abstract

Green infrastructure is a concept originating in the mid-1990s of XX^th century which emphasizes on interconnectivity of all natural components in the process of land use planning both in urban and rural environment. With this concept are connected many and diverse suggestions in the various professional activities like land use planning, landscape planning, landscape management, space planning, regional planning, urban planning, green systems planning etc. In particular there is an emphasis on the connection with the types of land and landscape. On the other hand with the idea for green infrastructure is emphasized on the insurance of life supporting functions and multifunctionality in the progress of planning, management and existence of space which associates it with the concept for sustainable development. The significance of this idea is confirmed and by the fact that the 46^th World congress of the International Federation of Landscape Architects IFLA, held from 21-23 October, 2009 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with theme Green Infrastructure: High Performance Landscapes.

Abstract

Environmental management includes all activities aiming at improving the environmental performance of the companies. Main reasons for the organizations to include environmental principles in their corporate strategies are: to comply withthe local and international legal requirements as well as to meet the customer requirements, to improve their image, cost savings and greater market possibilities.

The environmental tools and approaches are growing in number and variety. One of the first andmost complex ones are the environmental management systems. After the international standard ISO 14001 and the ISO 14000 series was introduced as well the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). For the last 12-15 years there is a significant interest in Europe and the standards have been developed and updated.

The environmental management is already playing an essential role in the companies. The effective waste management, energy and resource utilization can lead to cost savings in addition to the environmental benefits. Generally the improvement of the environmental performance of the companies is resulting in improved economic outcomes and competitiveness. 

Abstract

The dynamics of occurrence anddevelopment of aforest fire can be explained by the experiments that has taken place on the spot (range) and by similar laboratory tests. The key role is played by the convective upwardstream since the very occurrence, the intensive accelerating development until the loading on fire is overcome at an above-the-materials-on-fire height. The analysis of this convective stream reveals the objective laws that rule the spot fire development.

Abstract

All forest fires are specific in their nature, but when analyzing them, certain similar objective laws are established. They are specific because time and constant parameters as well as the condition of the flammable materials are in many cases different. Scientific researchers, experiments, practical observations and experience gathered in cases of real fires broaden and enlarge the knowledge. A detailed analysis on the spread of forest fires helps orienting fast and deciding on the in time fire localization.

Abstract

Physics as an element of the fundamental tuition in ecology includes not only knowledge of the environmental processes and phenomena, and the effect of different physics factors on the environmental conditions but also knowledge of the fundamental physics methods of analysis and control of the undesirable changes in it.

All devices analyzing the condition and changes in the main environmental factors are built upon the same basic principles of operation - mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrical and optical. Following this logic we showcase the fundamental physics methods for diagnostic and control, which include: heavy metals, toxic compounds and free radicals detection methods; nuclear emission, UV, IR and nuclear absorption analysis; molecular florescence analysis; EPR; NGR, methods for remote measuring of pollutants concentration in the atmosphere through the utilization of lasers; methods for measuring of the ionizing and non-ionizing radiation; methods for measuring noise and vibrations; etc.

Abstract

In this paper the principal steps over the EU - ETS, concerning greenhouse gas emissions permits, annual reports, verification process and the registry, are examined. A review of the basic steps over the preparation of a verification report, strategic analysis, risk analysis, etc on the basis of the experience of leading verifiers in Bulgaria is made. The main disadvantages during the preparation of annual reports are determined.  

Abstract

In this work a comparison of the environmental impacts between the generation of solar and wind energy is made. Although the analysis is still preliminary, the impact assessment on the atmosphere, water, landscapes (land usage), noise and biodiversity gave us a general outlook concerning the less aggressive type of renewable energy source for the environment.

Abstract

The article includes datafrom 2004 for meteorological parameters and the content of the main pollutants of Yundola ecological stationary monitoring site - West Rhodopes. In modelling the interactions between single pollutant concentrations and some meteorological parameters, the strongest linear relationship identified (O3 concentration as afunction of air temperature) explained only 22 % of the variation in the data. This requires identifying more complex multiple models to describe adequately the concentration of major pollutants as afunction of some more important meteorological parameters. The five multi-linear models were calculated, among which the best demonstrated model (Multiple R = 0.62) includes datafor the concentration of O3 in the light part of the day (9.00 a.m. to 17.00 p.m.). The curve of above mentioned model explains about 40 % of the datafor the concentration of O3 during the day, i.e. these are 2407 average of half-an-hour measurements.

Abstract

Data on mean annual, mean monthly, mean 24 hour period and max 1 hour concentrations of SO2, NOx, O3, PM10 were presented. The measurements were performed during 2005-2007 in the area of Maritza Iztok. The results showed higher SO2 pollution in the region of Galabovo with annual concentrations exceeding the adopted air quality limit values 1.1 to 2.7-fold. The mean annual concentration of PM10 varies between 30-38 µg/m³, values exceeding the air quality limit values (20 µg/m³) adopted after 2008.

Abstract

Objective of this development is to examine the geochemical state of soils and groundwater in urban area, strongly influenced by the presence of gas stations. In the region of the gas station Plovdiv, "center" after preliminary studies summarized in the phase 0 (the incident documented events, technical malfunctions of the site and assess the risk of contamination with petroleum products) was carried out prior field study (phase I), whose results are reflected in this report and they served to develop a plan for subsequent Phase II trials. Field work was conducted in August 2006 and 2007. 

Abstract

The watershed analysis requires the integration of knowledge, data and simulation models to solve practical hydrological problems. The main objective of this study is to simulate the streamflow of the Vrana River, using the SWAT model. AGIS-based hydrologic modeling toolkit called the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool has been used. The calibration was achieved by estimating the model parameters and evaluating convergence between simulated and observed discharges by using mainly the Nash & Sutcliffe coefficient. The obtained results of runoff simulation can be accepted as satisfactory.

Abstract

In recent years there have been anumber of significant riverine floods all around the World which caused enormous damage both in terms of loss of life and economics. The problem of the floods control and the possibilities to surmount the consequences from similar crisis situations is necessary to solve. In fact,of all natural risks,floods pose the most widely distributed risk to life today. The objective of this paper is to examine the possibilities to integrate the necessary datafor crisis situation analysis created by floods,and in the future these dataserve as an information base for application of GIS-Technologies and adaptation of mathematical models.

Abstract

Critical loads of Mercury have been determined for forested catchments in Bulgaria for the first time, using Steady State Mass Balance Method. The uptake of Mercury by the biomass as well as the leaching of Mercury by the runoff have been used in the calculating procedure taking into account the critical level of Mercury in the soil solution equal to 1µg.dm-3. Critical loads are considered as depositions of Mercury bellow which harmful effects for a given forested catchment are not expected. Exceedences of critical loads of Mercury by its real deposition have been calculated for 2007. It has been found that the values of critical loads of mercury are lower for catchments with broad leaved forests ranging between 25.25 and 36.39 g.ha-1.yr-1, comparing to the coniferous forests (33.40-61.11 g.ha-1.yr-1). The real depositions of Mercury in the forested areas in Bulgaria are very low situated between 0.10 and 0.88 g.ha-1.yr-1 which means that there are not any risks of damage of forested catchments in Bulgaria by Mercury depositions.

Abstract

The quantity of the rainfalls and their chemical composition have been measured within the period comprising 2004-2008, in Pismenovo Dendrary (Dendrarium) situated within the State Forestry of Tsarevo.

It has been found out, of the total precipitations quantity, 27 % have been held by the black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) crowns, 9 % by the summer oak (Quercus robur L.) crowns, 7 % by the white acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) ones, averagely, within the period, while 14 % have resulted in a 70-year old oak offshoot (sprout) forest, as compared to the rainfall in open air.

The reaction (pH) of the rainfall in the open air and of that one passed through the canopy varies from a low acid to acid one. The highest acidity was found out in 2005. The rainfalls occurring within the winter months are of a significantly greater acidity. The lowest pH has been found out in the rainfall passed through the black pine crowns while the highest one has been observed in the rain water passed through the canopy of the acacia and the oak offshoot (sprout) forest.

Nitrate ions, ammonia ions and chlorides content is the lowest in the rainfall in the open air while it is the greatest in that rain water which has passed through the black pine crowns, i.e. more than 2 times greater, as compared to the rainfall in the open air.

There has been found out an increase of both of calcium and magnesium contents, as well, in the rainfall passed through the trees crowns, in comparison with that one in the open air. Taking into consideration the average data within the above said period, the greatest calcium content has been resulted in the rainfall passed through the white acacia species crowns while the greatest magnesium content has been found out in that rainfall which has passed through the trees crowns in the above mentioned 70-year old oak offshoot (sprout) forest.

Abstract

Particular ideas and formulations for the improvement of the methods, used to appraise and to represent the changes of the water state (required by WFD), have been mentioned. As additional base an analysis of data from National water monitoring system is made. Some proposals, related to the practical realization of the WFD requirements for the referent conditions in the water bodies and its modifications under anthropogenic impacts, are suggested.

Abstract

The economic meaning of the torrent is defined by the real risk which it represents for the Bunkera and residential district Gorubliane.

The actual problems in the watercatchment ensue from destroying of the hydrotechnical works as result of torrent rainfall in 2005 which activated denudation processes.

It was made analysis of the condition of the hydrotechnical works and of the total function of the defence system. 

Abstract

The investigation has been carried out in the region of the tailing pond 'Medet'. Tailings pond is fulfilled through drop hvost waste from the processing of copper ores.

The physical and chemical properties of soil and waste deposited was investigated. The analyses are carried out according following methods:sample preparation - ISO number 11466; particle Size Analysis - dry screen method; active acidity (pH_H2O) - BSS ISO 10390; total forms of heavy metals - ISO 11466, BSS ISO 11885.

The results show that:

- the length and slope of existing bank required technical measures for prevention of water erosion.

- particle size composition of the substrate is fine and easy to apply the wind

- the ore waste production of pyro-metallurgical processing, which is delivered to tailing pond is unsuitable for directly biological rehabilitation (the absence of organic matter and nutrients, salinization and the presence of high concentrations of heavy metals - copper).

Technologies for resloped and improve the fertility of ore waste by: introduction of soil masses and mineral fertilizing and cultivating the proper grass and wood vegetation were developed. 

Abstract

The main activity of 'Cumerio copper' Sa is pyro-metalurgic processing of sulfide copper concentrate. The nature of carried out many decades (about 50 years) intensive production activity is related to contamination of the lands and the soils. Prospecting of the status and stage of soil contamination on the territory of the ground is completed by field exploration of the territory and laboratory tests. The sampling is done by hand drilling equipment 'geological cane' on depths: 0-0,05 m; 0,05-0,1 m; 0,1-0,2 m; 0,2-0,4 (0,6) m. The samples are analyzed to determine total sulphur and its forms (sulphide and sulphate), active soil acidity, content of heavy metals and metalloids (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd). The analyses are carried out according ISO methods. The results show that the production activity on pyro-metallurgical processing of sulfide type copper concentrates impact strongly on: soil genesis integrity disturbing; degradation processes - increased acidity of near surface soil layers (0-5 cm); the soils are contaminated mainly by heavy metals and metalloids - Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Cd (total and mobile states); higher concentrations of total sulphur content in the near surface layers (0–5 cm).

Abstract

Study the environmental conditions in the areaof mining cinder tips Anthrawhich is located in Western Stara Planina mountain - Svoge coal basin.

Climatic and edaphic conditions are analyzed, which are essential for the size, terms and effectiveness of agricultural and reclamation activities, growth and development of vegetation, and hence to the overall success of reclamation activities.

Reclamation of damaged areas will be conducted with soil material from adjacent land, which are collected at alandfill or derived from appropriate nearby areas or construction sites.

Soil properties of these materials and bulk substrates were examined before detailed design of the reclamation, especially on the quantity of humus in them, the main nutrients, acidity and sorbtsionniyacapacity. The presence of some unfavorable characteristics requires reclamation to be conducted with increased rates of grass blends to create meadows and pastures and greater density of planting of sets in forest biological reclamation.

Abstract

The article presents the results of statistical processing and dataanalysis for the content of macro- and microelements in brown forest soil (Dystric-Eutric Cambisols) from the region of the Western Rhodopes, Yundola Experimental Station G. St. Avramov. The main parametric and non-parametric statistical indicators and the coefficient of variation (CV%) for each set of 81 samples were calculated. In order to reduce the significant deviation of frequency distribution of datafrom the Normal distribution, grouping by edificatory tree species was made. It was found that the clustering of samples according edificatory tree species has asubstantial influence over the normalization of the frequency distribution of datafor pH and content of organic Cand P in Scots pine and Norway spruce. According to the criteriaof ICP-Forests, for each sample plot soil richness was evaluated. 

Abstract

The purpose is comparative analysis of the chemical composition of litterfall, litter and soil and assessment of changes in their quantity passing from one component to another. Selected objects have different adsorption capacity for organic matter entring in the soil - very low in stationary sample plot Vitinia is and very high in St. Oriahovo.

The absence of solid adsorbent in sandy clay loam soil from beech ecosystem (Vitinia) is prerequisite for significant lowering of quantity of elements entering in soil with litterfall. Most strongly is changed manganese - 15.7 fold, next is potassium - 10 fold, nitrogen - 8.9 fold, calcium - 4.2 fold, phosphorus - 3.5 fold, magnesium - 2.3 fold. Insignificant are changes for copper, zinc and sodium - from 1.2 to 1.3 fold.

In clay soil from oak ecosystem (St. Oriahovo) with solid adsorbtion capacity quantity of elements entering in soil with litterfall are increased - for magnesium 5.8 fold, zinc - 3.9 fold, copper - 3.2 fold, manganese - 2.4 fold.

Litter in forest stand is effective adsorbent. It retains and accumulates sifnificant quantuties of elements entering in soil with litterfall, but this adsorption capacity depends on soil as an adsorbent.

Abstract

The present study aimed to analyze the morphological traits and the mechanical composition of soil resources from alluvial meadow and diluvial meadow soils in the Stara Zagora region. The study was performed at two depths - 0-20 and 40-60 cm in cultivated land. A variation in soil colour from grey to grey-dark brown was observed. Alluvial meadow soils were poorly differentiatedwhereas diluvial meadow soils - not differentiated. Recommendations for conservation andimprovement of the fertility of available soil fundwere made according to data about the most important soil fertility traits.

Abstract

This dendrary is situated within the peripheral sub-region in the Mountain of Strandzha, on the territory of the State Forestry of Tsarevo. The soil humidity has been studies as on 10, 30, 50, 80 and 100 cm under 15-20-year old plantations consistingof Pinus nigra Arn., Cedrus atlantica Man., Cypressus semepervirens L., Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea Liebl., Quercus frainetto Ten., Quercus cerris L. and Fagus orientaiis Lipsky, within the period as from 2004 up to 2008.

Within that same studied period, the rainfall quantity occurred on the territory of Pismenovo dendrary has varied from 516 up to 819 mm. There is a great dynamics in the precipitation regimen, though, its quantity and distribution has been considered enough to cover the needs of all and any of the examined species. In single years, some of the above mentioned species have suffered temporary difficulties only, in July and August.

The greatest quantity of moisture in the soil remains under the ecosystem consistingof Cerris species (Turkish oak), while amongthe coniferous species it remains under the ecosystem consistingof black pine. The soil humidity has been exhausted slightly greater under a part of the rest species, though, no significant differences have been observed. There are the ecosystems consistingof an older natural oak trees and Atlas cedar where the most evident dryingup of the soil occurs.

As about deciduous species ecosystems, the soil humidity arrives at its lowest values in August while in ecosystems comprisingthe deciduous ones it occurs in September. The minimal values seldom join the wiltingpoint soil humidity (WPSH).

No significant difference has been found out between the quantity of the exhausted soil humidity in the open air (on a glade or meadow) and the quantity of the exhausted soil humidity in plantati ons.